{"id":6153,"date":"2024-02-13T08:44:39","date_gmt":"2024-02-13T06:44:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/art-deco-design-in-jewellery\/"},"modified":"2025-03-11T12:12:39","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T12:12:39","slug":"art-deco-design-in-jewellery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/art-deco-design-in-jewellery\/","title":{"rendered":"Art Deco design in jewellery"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6153\" class=\"elementor elementor-6153 elementor-1467\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ebf19ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ebf19ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-41090bd8\" data-id=\"41090bd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34fcdc10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34fcdc10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wgs-text text-dark text-lg-left text-left text-left\">\n\t<p class=\"p1\">Glam lovers must have Art Deco jewellery in their collection. This style reflects perhaps the most exciting time in fashion history. After the First World War, people were aware of how short life could be and therefore enjoyed it at every opportunity. And what better way than to dance the night away in a jazz club, dressed in their finest clothes and breathtaking jewelry.<\/p><p>In this article, we'll look at how Art Deco came about, what are the most iconic pieces of jewelry that characterize this era, and how to easily recognize jewelry in this style. <\/p><p class=\"p1\">Art Deco, short for \"Art Decoratifs\" in French, is a style representing the visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France in 1910. The era got its nickname from the Exposition Internationale des Arts D\u00e9coratifs et Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925. The event was largely devoted to the art of jewellery. Art Deco was at the height of its popularity from the 1920s to the 1930s. The combination of the developing industry and art inspired this style, which incorporated elements of Cubism. The term \"Cubism\" is often used to describe jewelry from this era because of the angles, geometric shapes, and figurative imagery. <span class=\"apple-converted-space\"><\/span> Unlike Art Nouveau (the preceding period), which is characterized by flowing lines and floral motifs, in Art Deco jewelry, designs are pared down to their elemental geometric essence.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">A major influence on jewelry in this style was the discovery of the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in 1922. It revealed a dizzying collection of luxury gems and gold treasures. Word of this astonishing discovery spread around the world and inevitably influenced jewellers in Europe and the US, who began incorporating ancient Egyptian motifs into their designs.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">Clothing and jewellery go hand in hand, and the simplification of women's wardrobes led to a shift in jewellery styles in the same direction. In the following lines, we will reveal which were the most fashionable jewellery looks of the 1920s and 1930s.<\/p><h4 class=\"p2\"><strong>Iconic Art Deco Jewellery<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c09c2e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wgs-timeline\" data-id=\"c09c2e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wgs-timeline.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wgs-timeline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item d-flex align-items-center \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wgs-heading--h5 text-primary\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEarrings\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Long, dangling earrings that move freely. They were the perfect complement to the trendy bob hairstyles of that era.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__image\">\n\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/babfd76e-49a0-4fed-9bed-3fe8f9b4ac98.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\u0411\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/babfd76e-49a0-4fed-9bed-3fe8f9b4ac98.jpeg 512w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/babfd76e-49a0-4fed-9bed-3fe8f9b4ac98-243x300.jpeg 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__dot\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item d-flex align-items-center timeline-item--reverse\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wgs-heading--h5 text-primary\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNecklaces\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words text-start [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"2fc66dea-e131-4cae-b251-e368d2bdcadc\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\"><div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\"><p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"196\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Lavish necklaces adorned with large gemstones, geometric pendants, or long strands of pearls. These were the necklaces that most often complemented fashionable women's dresses with deep necklines.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__image\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0e7fd4ab-5358-480c-b7ec-68567173c8fd-682x1024.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0440\u0443\u0434 \u0410\u0440\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043e\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0e7fd4ab-5358-480c-b7ec-68567173c8fd-682x1024.jpeg 682w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0e7fd4ab-5358-480c-b7ec-68567173c8fd-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0e7fd4ab-5358-480c-b7ec-68567173c8fd-600x901.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/0e7fd4ab-5358-480c-b7ec-68567173c8fd.jpeg 749w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__dot\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item d-flex align-items-center \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wgs-heading--h5 text-primary\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBracelets\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Influenced by the fashion of sleeveless dresses, wide and chunkier bracelets with numerous precious stones were an integral part of women's style.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__image\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"749\" height=\"459\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/17da7a61-2665-44a1-8444-d58061203739.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\u0411\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0410\u0440\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043e\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/17da7a61-2665-44a1-8444-d58061203739.jpeg 749w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/17da7a61-2665-44a1-8444-d58061203739-300x184.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/17da7a61-2665-44a1-8444-d58061203739-600x368.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__dot\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item d-flex align-items-center timeline-item--reverse\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wgs-heading--h5 text-primary\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRings\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>As cocktails were invented to disguise alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition era, cocktail rings appeared on the scene. They featured a large gemstone in the center, surrounded most commonly by smaller sparkling diamonds. They were a symbol of freedom, wealth, and independence and were worn on the right hand, opposite the wedding rings.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__image\">\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"644\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/3504fc65-0aa1-438a-a25f-e17515e35c59.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u044a\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043e\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/3504fc65-0aa1-438a-a25f-e17515e35c59.jpeg 650w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/3504fc65-0aa1-438a-a25f-e17515e35c59-300x297.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/3504fc65-0aa1-438a-a25f-e17515e35c59-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/3504fc65-0aa1-438a-a25f-e17515e35c59-600x594.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/3504fc65-0aa1-438a-a25f-e17515e35c59-100x100.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__dot\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item d-flex align-items-center \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"wgs-heading--h5 text-primary\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBrooches\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Brooches were a must-have accessory and were worn pinned to dresses or hats. Today, we can enjoy a wide variety of impressive vintage brooches and look back with nostalgia at the lavish Gatsby era.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__image\">\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"562\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8e2c6f83-8f62-44e8-91ed-2a334daee686.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\u0411\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u0410\u0440\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043e\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8e2c6f83-8f62-44e8-91ed-2a334daee686.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8e2c6f83-8f62-44e8-91ed-2a334daee686-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8e2c6f83-8f62-44e8-91ed-2a334daee686-600x450.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"timeline-item__dot\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e91a1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e91a1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wgs-text text-dark text-left text- text-\">\n\t<h4 class=\"p2\"><strong>Here are some tips on how to easily identify Art Deco jewelry<\/strong><\/h4><h5 class=\"p2\">Year of manufacture<\/h5><p class=\"p2\">Authentic Art Deco jewelry from this period was made between 1920 and 1935. Be careful with jewelry with the description \"Art Deco style.\" If there's no indication that the item was made in the early 20th century, you're probably looking at a piece of jewelry that was inspired by that era.<\/p><h5 class=\"p2\">Material<\/h5><p class=\"p2\">During the Art Deco era, yellow gold was considered d\u00e9mod\u00e9. White gold and platinum were most typical of this period. In fact, white gold was first introduced around 1915. It was used as a substitute for platinum, which was very highly priced but highly desirable due to its light color. Antique white gold is more grey in its natural state, unlike today's gold which is necessarily rhodium plated. The yellowish hue of white gold today is because different alloys are used than those used in the 1920s.<\/p><h5 class=\"p2\">Design<\/h5><p class=\"p2\">The Art Deco movement put aside all old notions of design. The jewellery was elegant and bold at the same time. They are characterized by sharp angles, rectangular shapes andclean lines. Unconventional combinations ofprecious stones were introduced. The area on the jewels is occupied almost entirely with small gemstones.The designs aim to distinguish themselves from the past and draw inspiration from the present everyday life, leaving aside all unnecessary ornaments.<\/p><h5 class=\"p2\">Gemstone Cut<\/h5><p class=\"p2\">Diamonds are cut primarily in the Old European round or cushion shape. Other shapes known at the time were <span class=\"s1\">marquise<\/span><span class=\"s2\">, marquise or asscher<\/span>. The most representative cut of this period is, in our opinion, the Asscher. Although it was created in 1902, it gained its popularity during the Art Deco decades. It is modern, geometric and the epitome of Art Deco.<\/p>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae0b5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-wgs-image\" data-id=\"2ae0b5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wgs-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wgs-image \">\n    \n        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10965efd-a44b-4179-9a52-17794e635224-300x300.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2761\" alt=\"\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10965efd-a44b-4179-9a52-17794e635224-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10965efd-a44b-4179-9a52-17794e635224-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10965efd-a44b-4179-9a52-17794e635224-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10965efd-a44b-4179-9a52-17794e635224-600x600.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10965efd-a44b-4179-9a52-17794e635224-100x100.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/assets.efirgems.com\/wp\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10965efd-a44b-4179-9a52-17794e635224.jpeg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n\n        <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3329718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3329718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wgs-text text-dark text-left text- text-\">\n\t<h5>\"Pav\u00e9\"<\/h5><p class=\"p2\">The \"pav\u00e9\" mounting is strongly advocated in jewellery design. These are small gemstones grouped together, tightly spaced next to each other. They are used to add dimension, create shape, and add extra sparkle to Art Deco jewelry.<\/p><h5 class=\"p2\">Filigree<\/h5><p class=\"p2\">Filigree craftsmanship is characterized by small, intricate cutouts and has never been done as well as it was during the Art Deco era. Filigree in jewelry was perfected in the late 1920s through the use of die-casting machines. Today it is almost impossible to replicate the clear, refined filigree look because most jewelry is made using wax molds. Most often, filigree jewelry from the Art Deco era was made from 10 or 18 karat white gold.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Original Art Deco jewelry is for those women who want to make an impression. For those who don't mind wearing big rings with precious stones, dazzling the crowd with a tiara or a massive diamond necklace.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">If you feel inspired by this exciting period in history, treat yourself to a piece of jewelry in this style. We can design for you <a href=\"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/custom-jewellery\/\">custom jewellery in the style and frenzy of Art Deco<\/a>, adapted to modern everyday life.<\/p><p class=\"p2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/zapitvane-za-izrabotka\/\">contact us<\/a> to discuss your idea and make a personalised quote for your dream piece of jewellery.<\/p><p>You can view our most recent creations on our Facebook or Instagram page - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/efirgems\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@efirgems<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74a8346 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74a8346\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddb132\" data-id=\"6ddb132\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Glam lovers must have Art Deco jewellery in their collection. This style reflects perhaps the most exciting time in fashion history. After the First World&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7944,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,155],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jewellery","category-stories"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6153","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6153"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6153\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6848,"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6153\/revisions\/6848"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7944"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6153"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/efirgems.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}